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Jordanian political satire
In a country that has not enjoyed much freedom of speech; political satire in Jordan has been a way to criticize and make claims on the political authorities. Be it expressed in press as in weekly satirical newspapers, cartoons, prose, or as in recent times, on online social media platforms, satire in Jordan represents a unique genre that has reflected a local mode and attitude towards local and global issues. While it is not meant entirely to entertain, political satire in Jordan has been used as a way to poke fun at elected governments and their failure to tend to local issues. Like satirists worldwide, the Jordanian satirists aim to use pun and indirect references to tackle taboos, defy the restrictive laws that inhibit the freedom of speech, and convey public grievances.
==Jordanian early satirists==
While some might argue that the early accounts of political satire in Jordan can be traced in the works of Jordan’s most well-known poet Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal nicknamed ‘Arar’, as he was cynical of the social life during the formative years of Transjordan, satirical writings in Jordan were only made available to the public in the 1960s.〔Al-Sijill, Generations that Painted A Smile on the Face of National Frowning, Volume 3, 9/1/2009, retrieved from: http://www.al-sijill.com/mag/sijill_items/sitem34.htm〕
According to rare accounts on the history of the Jordanian political satire as found in the diaries of a Jordanian journalist named Faisal Mohammad Awkal, the writings of Fakhri Qawar were the first satirical accounts published in the old newspaper of Amman in the Evening in Arabic (عمان المساء). Qawar's writings included short essays that mainly leveled light criticism at the government.〔Awkal, Faisal Mohammad,The History of Jordanian Satire, 3/20/2011, retrieved from: http://shartoh.buygoo.net/t845-topic#1416〕 The newspaper, which inspired the later satirical journalism, came to clash with the Jordanian authorities in 1964, after publishing the diaries of Wasfi al-Tal on the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, followed by the diaries of Ahmad Shukeiri resulting in its final shutdown in 1975.〔Al-Ra'i newspaper, Arafat Hijazi, A Journalist and a Pioneer, 10/15/2012, retrieved from: http://www.alrai.com/article/545355.html〕
Later in early 1980s, Qawar published the first satirical works including Farhan Farah Sae’ed’s Diaries (which was adapted as a script for a soap-opera that had the same name mid-1980s), published in 1982, and “I am the Patriarch,” published in 1981.〔Adab, Arab Poetry Diwan, Qawar’s Profile Page, retrieved from: http://www.adab.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=1〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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